Hubungan Tingkat Stres Orang Tua Terhadap Keterampilan Sosial Pada Anak Autism Spectrum Disorder: Perspektif Person-Environment-Occupation Model

Hermito Gidion; Restu Aji  Wijaya; Zulfa  Khoirunisah; Wawan  Hermawan

doi:10.37411/jecej.v8i2.4789

Hermito Gidion Universitas Indonesia
Restu Aji Wijaya Universitas Indonesia
Zulfa Khoirunisah Universitas Indonesia
Wawan Hermawan Universitas Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37411/jecej.v8i2.4789

Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, stres pengasuhan, keterampilan sosial, terapi okupasi, PEO model.

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan tingkat stres orang tua terhadap keterampilan sosial anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) berdasarkan perspektif Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) Model. Anak dengan ASD umumnya mengalami hambatan dalam komunikasi dan interaksi sosial yang berdampak terhadap performa okupasi sehari-hari, sehingga meningkatkan tuntutan pengasuhan dan risiko stres pada orang tua. Penelitian menggunakan desain kuantitatif dengan pendekatan korelasional. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 49 orang tua anak ASD usia 6–14 tahun di SLB Negeri Jakarta yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Tingkat stres orang tua diukur menggunakan Skala Stres Pengasuhan (SSP), sedangkan keterampilan sosial anak diukur menggunakan Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Third Edition (Vineland-3) domain socialization. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson dan regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara tingkat stres orang tua dan keterampilan sosial anak ASD (p<0,05), dimana semakin tinggi tingkat stres pengasuhan maka semakin rendah keterampilan sosial anak. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa stres pengasuhan merupakan faktor lingkungan yang memengaruhi perkembangan keterampilan sosial anak ASD sehingga diperlukan intervensi terapi okupasi berbasis keluarga untuk meningkatkan kualitas interaksi sosial anak.

Kata Kunci: Autism Spectrum Disorder, stres pengasuhan, keterampilan sosial, terapi okupasi, PEO model.

References

American Occupational Therapy Association. (2020). Occupational therapy practice guidelines for children and youth with challenges in sensory integration and sensory processing. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(2), 1–48.
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: APA Publishing.
Berry, J. O., & Jones, W. H. (1995). The parental stress scale: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(3), 463–472.
Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2019). Positive impact of intellectual disability on families. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 124(5), 387–396.
Clifford O’Brien, J., & Kuhaneck, H. (2020). Case-Smith’s occupational therapy for children and adolescents (8th ed.). Elsevier.
Coulacoglou, C., & Saklofske, D. H. (2017). Psychometrics and psychological assessment: Principles and applications. Elsevier.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Dore, K. M., et al. (2023). Parenting stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(4), 1456–1468.
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4.
Haven, E. L., Manangan, C. N., Sparrow, J. K., & Wilson, B. J. (2014). The relation of parenting stress and parent-child interaction with social skills of children with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 29(4), 222–230.
Höfer, J., et al. (2019). Family-centered early intervention in autism spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 89, 104–112.
Kumalasari, D., et al. (2022). Adaptasi dan validasi Skala Stres Pengasuhan versi Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi Klinis Indonesia, 11(2), 98–109.
Law, M., Cooper, B., Strong, S., Stewart, D., Rigby, P., & Letts, L. (1996). The person-environment-occupation model: A transactive approach to occupational performance. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63(1), 9–23.
Mahendiran, T., et al. (2019). Gender differences in social skills among children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 12(7), 1056–1065.
Munira, S., et al. (2023). Survei kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2023. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Romanczyk, R. G., et al. (2016). Parenting stress and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(6), 1707–1718.
Schober, P., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763–1768.
Sparrow, S., Cicchetti, D., & Saulnier, C. (2016). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (3rd ed.). Pearson Assessment.
Suswaram, M., et al. (2024). Parenting stress and social skills among children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54(2), 455–467.
Szymańska, P., & Aranowska, E. (2021). Parenting stress and parent-child interactions in families with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7520.
Tamm, L., et al. (2022). Adaptive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 15(5), 876–885.
Yanek, M. (2017). Parental burnout and social interaction in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(8), 1023–1032.
Yoon, S. H., et al. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder: Definition, diagnosis, and intervention. Journal of Clinical Neurology, 16(1), 1–12.
Zeidan, J., et al. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Research, 15(5), 778–790